相信通过昨天给大家分享的文章经济学人双语精读：太空图像将通过AI高速处理，大家应该对未来的AI科技有了更新的认识了吧？最近听到一个好消息，说国家要对进口仿制药立法了，这样以来，对于那些需要紧急药物的患者和那些条件不好但是又迫切需要治疗的危重病人是一个好消息，希望这一天可以早点到来，给更多人带来新的希望。
今天，西贝和大家一起来看一下这篇来自纽约时报的文章都有什么地方值得我们在学习英语的过程吸收的。文章源自西贝博客-https://qinghe.me/china-said-it-would-reduce-the-penalties-for-the-sale-and-import-of-unapproved-drugs.html
Beijing-China said it would reduce the penalties 1 for the sale and import of unapproved drugs, effectively giving poor and critically ill patients the green light to access cheaper generic 2 pharmaceuticals from other countries.文章源自西贝博客-https://qinghe.me/china-said-it-would-reduce-the-penalties-for-the-sale-and-import-of-unapproved-drugs.html
上标注解：文章源自西贝博客-https://qinghe.me/china-said-it-would-reduce-the-penalties-for-the-sale-and-import-of-unapproved-drugs.html
1.penalties文章源自西贝博客-https://qinghe.me/china-said-it-would-reduce-the-penalties-for-the-sale-and-import-of-unapproved-drugs.html
- n. 惩罚, 处罚
- 不利后果, 损失
来看一个来自今日美国的例子：文章源自西贝博客-https://qinghe.me/china-said-it-would-reduce-the-penalties-for-the-sale-and-import-of-unapproved-drugs.html
- An agreement with Teva Pharmaceuticals USA specified the firm's payment would be restitution, not a penalty.— Kevin Mccoy, USA TODAY, "'Clearly a game.' Opioid lawsuit settlements arranged to give drug companies a tax break, experts say," 12 Sep. 2019
- 与Teva Pharmaceuticals USA达成的一项协议阐明，该公司的付款将是赔偿，而非罚款。
2.generic文章源自西贝博客-https://qinghe.me/china-said-it-would-reduce-the-penalties-for-the-sale-and-import-of-unapproved-drugs.html
- adj. 一般的；属的；类的；非商标的
来看一个来自经济学人的例子：文章源自西贝博客-https://qinghe.me/china-said-it-would-reduce-the-penalties-for-the-sale-and-import-of-unapproved-drugs.html
- But a generic, Atorvastatin, has also recently become available for just $10 per month.— The Economist, "Why America’s biggest charities are owned by pharmaceutical companies," 15 Aug. 2019
- 但是，阿托伐他汀类药物最近也以每月10美元的价格上市。
北京——中国表示，将减轻对销售和进口未经批准药品的处罚，此举实际上为贫困和危重病人从其他国家获得更便宜的仿制药开了绿灯。文章源自西贝博客-https://qinghe.me/china-said-it-would-reduce-the-penalties-for-the-sale-and-import-of-unapproved-drugs.html
仿制药立法动作
The move, announced on Monday, could help fill a gaping hole in the country’s overburdened 3 health care system. For years, Chinese patients and their relatives risked the threat of heavy criminal penalties in their hunt for affordable 4 drugs in a country increasingly suffering from chronic diseases like cancer. In the most desperate of cases, relatives of these patients have resorted to making their own cancer drugs at home using raw pharmaceutical ingredients that they have found online.文章源自西贝博客-https://qinghe.me/china-said-it-would-reduce-the-penalties-for-the-sale-and-import-of-unapproved-drugs.html
上标注解：文章源自西贝博客-https://qinghe.me/china-said-it-would-reduce-the-penalties-for-the-sale-and-import-of-unapproved-drugs.html
3.overburdened
- vt. 装载过多,负担过多,使过劳
- n. 过重的负担
再来看一个经济学人中的例子：
- Another factor in the slowing growth of tourism is overburdened infrastructure.— The Economist, "A fall in the number of Chinese tourists breeds unease in Thailand," 29 Aug. 2019
- 旅游业增长放缓的另一个因素是基础设施负担过重。
4.affordable
- adj. 付得起的, 不太昂贵的
- adv. 不太昂贵地
下面的这个例子同样来自经济学人：
- The first rumblings of downturns usually appear in areas in which growth depends heavily on the availability of affordable credit.— The Economist, "Parts of America may already be facing recession," 31 Aug. 2019
- 第一轮经济衰退通常出现在经济增长严重依赖可负担信贷的地区。
周一宣布的这一措施，可能有助于填补中国负担过重的医疗体系的一个缺口。多年来，在这个癌症等慢性病越来越严重的国家，病人及其亲属冒着受严厉刑事处罚的危险寻找价格合理的药物。在最绝望的情况下，有些患者亲属不得不用网上找到的原料药成分在家里自制抗癌药。
新立法有望年底生效
The effectiveness 5 of the new move could depend on the details. The Chinese government said the changes to the current law would take effect on Dec. 1 but did not specify how penalties would be reduced.
上标注解：
5.effectiveness
- n. 有效;有力
来看一个来自华盛顿邮报的例子：
- The brochure cited 2009 guidance from the Royal Australian College of General Practitioners that says weak opioids are less effective than strong ones.— Washington Post, "Opioid crisis goes global as deaths surge in Australia," 5 Sep. 2019
- 这本小册子引用了澳大利亚皇家全科医生学院2009年的指导，指出弱阿片类药物的效果不如强阿片类药物。
新措施的有效性可能将取决于细节。中国政府说，新修订的药品管理法将于12月1日生效，但没有具体说明将如何减轻处罚。
“假药”面临很严重的法律制裁
Chinese law currently holds that drugs not approved by the National Medical Products Administration are “fake,” and companies and individuals 6 caught selling such drugs could be fined up to five times their value as well as criminally charged.
上标注解：
6.individuals
- n. 个人
- 这里注意区分：当individual做形容词时和peculiar, characteristic, distinctive的区别
来看一个来自纽约时报的例子：
- The feeding frenzy is not confined to rich individuals.— New York Times, "How a Trump Tax Break to Help Poor Communities Became a Windfall for the Rich," 31 Aug. 2019
- 对食物的狂热并不局限于富人。
中国目前的药品管理法规定，未经国家药品监督管理局批准的药品都是“假药”，被发现销售假药的公司和个人可能被处以最高五倍于其价值的罚款，并受到刑事指控。
Selling these drugs may result in a jail sentence of up to three years, even if there are no serious consequences 7, according to the state-backed China Daily newspaper. Harsher penalties may apply in more serious cases, it said.
7.consequences
- n. 结果, 后果
- 重要(性), 重大
- 这里注意区分：consequences和result, effect, outcome的区别
来看一个来自科学美国人的例子：
- The network epistemology framework captures some essential features missing from contagion models: individuals intentionally gather data, share data and then experience consequences for bad beliefs.— Scientific American, "How Misinformation Spreads—and Why We Trust It," 3 Sep. 2019
- 网络认识论框架抓住了传染病模型中缺失的一些基本特征：个人有意收集数据，共享数据，然后经受坏信念的后果。
据官方的《中国日报》报道，即使没有造成严重后果，出售这些药品也可能导致最高三年的监禁。报道说，对更严重的案例，可能采取更严厉的处罚。
Chinese state media said the changes could allow more people to obtain generic drugs from countries such as India without waiting for the approval of official regulators. In China, such drugs are currently purchased through “daigous,” or black market purchasing agents.
中国官方媒体说，这些变化可能会让更多的人从印度等国获得仿制药，而无需等待官方监管机构的批准。在中国，这类药品目前通过“代购”（也就是黑市采购代理）购买。
“This new move is significant because it redefines ‘fake or counterfeit drugs’ by focusing on their safety and efficacy, not on whether they obtain government approval,” said Yanzhong Huang, a senior fellow for global health on the Council on Foreign Relations, in an email.
“这个新措施意义重大，因为它通过把重点放在药品的安全性和有效性，而不是是否获得了政府批准上来重新定义‘假药’，”美国外交关系委员会（Council on Foreign Relations）全球健康高级研究员黃延中在电子邮件中说。
“Under the new definition, a cheaper generic drug made in India can be imported and sold in China,” Dr. Huang wrote. “Given that these drugs are usually much cheaper than the prohibitively 8 priced Western patented drugs, a significantly larger percentage of Chinese people can now afford those lifesaving drugs.”
上标注解：
8.prohibitively
- adv. 禁止地
- (费用等)过高地,过分地
再来看一个来自经济学人的例子：
- Some publishers have refused to sell their e-books to public libraries, made them prohibitively costly or put severe restrictions on their use.
- 一些出版者拒绝向公共图书馆出手他们的电子书，这使得公众图书馆开销巨大而且在使用限制颇多。
“根据新的定义，更便宜的印度仿制药可以进口到中国、在中国销售，”黄延中写道。“考虑到这些仿制药通常比让人承受不起的西方专利药便宜得多，这意味着相当大比例的中国人现在买得起这些救命药了。”
社会对“救命药”的迫切需求
According to Dr. Huang, the Indian version of the anti-lung cancer drug Iressa cost $10 a day in 2016, compared to $100 a day for the patented drug in China. He said that generic drugs cost, on average, 97 percent less than patented drugs sold in China.
据黄延中的说法，在2016年，使用印度版抗肺癌药易瑞沙（Iressa）每天所需的费用是10美元，而在中国使用易瑞沙专利药物每天需要100美元。他说，仿制药的费用，平均来说，比在中国销售的专利药的费用低97%。
The lack of access to drugs has taken on more urgency as the Chinese government grapples with the mounting health problems of its 1.4 billion people. Heart disease, strokes, diabetes and chronic lung disease account for 80 percent of deaths in China, according to a World Bank report in 2011.
随着中国政府努力解决14亿人口日益严重的健康问题，用药难的问题也变得更加紧迫。根据世界银行2011年的一份报告，心脏病、中风、糖尿病和慢性肺病占中国死亡率的80%。
Cancer diagnoses in China are soaring, and survival rates are low. About 4.3 million cancer cases were diagnosed in 2015, or almost 12,000 cases a day. That is nearly double the rate five years before, according to official figures.
中国的癌症诊断率正在快速上升，而生存率却很低。根据官方数据，2015年，中国确诊癌症约430万例，几乎每天1.2万例，与五年前相比差不多翻番。
In China, the public has long expressed frustration with their lack of access to effective drugs to treat those kinds of diseases. A 2018 film, “Dying to Survive,” was based on the real-life story of a Chinese leukemia patient who smuggled 9 generic drugs from India to save himself and others. A box office hit, it was almost universally lauded for shedding light on the difficulties of getting cancer drugs in China. The movie’s popularity prompted Premier Li Keqiang to call for speeding up price cuts for the medication.
上标注解：
9.smuggled
- vt. 偷运, 私运, 走私
- 不按规章地偷带(人或物)
来看一个来自洛杉矶时报的例子：
- Lee’s father and grandfather each faced criminal investigations — his father for tax evasion and corruption, his grandfather for smuggling saccharine — but never spent a day in lockup.— Victoria Kim, Los Angeles Times, "Why three thoroughbreds worth millions could land Samsung heir in prison," 29 Aug. 2019
- 李开复的父亲和祖父都面临刑事调查——他的父亲逃税和腐败，其祖父走私糖精——但从未在拘留所呆过一天。
长期以来，中国公众一直对无法获得治疗这些疾病的有效药表示失望。2018年上映的电影《我不是药神》就是根据一个中国白血病患者的真实故事改编的，他为了挽救自己和他人的生命，从印度走私仿制药。这部电影十分卖座，获得了几乎所有人的称赞，它让人们了解了在中国获得抗癌药品的困难。这部电影的受欢迎程度促使李克强总理呼吁加快抗癌药的降价。
健康面前人人平等
Even the rich in China contend that red tape and stringent regulatory rules prevent them from getting access to new drugs that are approved in the United States, and many say they are forced to fly overseas for treatment.
就连中国的富人也认为，官僚作风和严格的监管规定阻碍了他们获得已在美国获得批准的新药，许多人说，他们被迫飞往海外接受治疗。
Yuan Jie, a senior official with the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress, a top group of Chinese lawmakers, said the decision to redefine the scope of counterfeit 10 drugs was “a response to the concerns of the people,” according to an official transcript.
上标注解：
10.counterfeit
- n. 仿制品, 伪造物
再来看一个来自经济学人杂志的例子：
- More widely circulated and easy to counterfeit, their introduction led to a rash of forgery—a hanging offence.— R.s., The Economist, "A show at the Bank of England underscores the strange fiction of money," 30 July 2019
- 他们的介绍致使伪造的发生，从而流通也更为广泛-一个绞刑犯的鲁莽。
据官方发布的文字实录，中国最高立法机构全国人民代表大会常务委员会的高级官员袁杰说，重新界定假药范围的决定是“回应了老百姓的关切”。
In a statement, the National Medical Products Administration said the government would reduce punishment for the distribution of such drugs. If no harm is caused or no treatment is delayed, the parties can be exempt from punishment. And if the circumstances are deemed to be “relatively minor,” the parties involved will face “lighter penalties” if they are importing a “small amount” of drugs.
国家药品监督管理局在一份声明中表示，政府将减少对销售未批进口药的惩罚。不造成伤害或不延误治疗的，可以免责免罚。如果被认为“情节较轻”，而是只是“进口少量”未经批准的药品，涉事者将面临“较轻的处罚”。
Drug approvals, while accelerating, remain dauntingly backlogged in China. Until October 2017, pharmaceuticals approved in the United States and Europe had to go through an extensive vetting process in China.
上标注解：
11.dauntingly
- adj. 使人畏缩的；使人气馁的；令人怯步的
来看一个来自华盛顿邮报的例子：
- Woods, Rory McIlroy and others who got off to a rugged start faced a daunting task trying to make the cut on a links course with ever-changing conditions and a steady challenge.— Washington Post, "The Latest: Koepka never far from lead in majors," 20 July 2019
- 伍兹、罗里·麦克罗伊和其他一些刚起步就很艰难的人都面临着一项艰巨的任务，但他们试图在不断变化的环境和稳定的挑战下走出一条成功之路。
尽管中国的药品审批速度已经在加快，但积压的工作仍让人望而却步。2017年10月以前，在美国和欧洲获得批准的药品必须在中国经过涉及范围广泛的审查程序。
一个迫切的需求
Chen Xi, an assistant professor of health policy and economics at the Yale School of Public Health, said in an email that while China has more than tripled the number of people evaluating new drug applications, “it is still far from meeting the rising and diversifying 12 demand.”
上标注解：
12.diversifying
- vt. & vi. 使多样化; 多样化
- 进入新的商业领域
来看一个来自纽约时报的例子：
- Meanwhile, as the clubs spread, their business models diversified.— Kashmir Hill, The New Yorker, "The Perils of Semi-Legal Poker," 8 Sep. 2019
- 同时，随着俱乐部的扩张，他们的商业模式也多样化了。
耶鲁大学公共卫生学院（Yale School of Public Health）健康政策与经济学助理教授陈希在电子邮件中说，尽管中国评估新药申请的工作人员数量是原来的三倍多，“但仍远远不能满足日益增长且多样化的需求。”
Experts said they remain concerned 13 about the enforcement of the law and that the vague terms such as “light penalties” and the lack of a definition of “small amount of unapproved drugs” give the government a lot of leeway to interpret them strictly.
上标注解：
13.concerned
- adj. 担心的, 烦恼的, 忧虑的
关联例子：
- As far as the hard disk is concerned, the bigger the better.
- 硬盘的容量越大越好。
专家说，他们仍然对法律的执行感到担忧，“较轻的处罚”等含糊术语，以及对“少量未经批准的药品”缺乏定义，给政府更严格地解释法律提供了很大的空间。
Dr. Chen said a more significant step would be to continue improving the efficiency of drug approvals in China and reducing drug prices to meet the demand.
陈希说，更重要的一步是，继续提高中国药品审批的效率，降低药品价格以满足需求。
上面的这篇文章篇幅有些长，但读起来还是可以收获不少信息的，这就是我们进行外刊阅读的意义。抱着接纳新知识的态度去看，我想你一定会有所收获的。
外刊阅读建议：
如何利用阅读外刊提高英语学习水平：
怎么利用经济学人（The Economist）来学英语（上）
纽约时报双语阅读文章推荐：
经济学人、时代周刊、纽约客、国家地理杂志下载：
2019年经济学人网盘下载(The Economist)-持续更新中
2019年时代周刊下载(Time Magazine)国际版全年汇总
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